The proposed method is … Linguee. The calculation of the cement phases percentages is based on the research work, Calculation of the Compounds in Portland Cement, published by Bogue in 1929 .The usage of high sulphur fuels, industrial wastes, and tires changes completely the working condition of Bogue because the assumed phase compositions may change. Typical LSF values in modern clinkers are 0.92-0.98, or 92%-98%. In practice, the mixing of raw materials is never perfect and there are always regions within the clinker where the LSF is locally a little above, or a little below, the target for the clinker as a whole. Look up words and phrases in comprehensive, reliable bilingual dictionaries and search through billions of online translations. The major raw material for the clinker-making is usually limestone mixed with a second material containing clay as a source of alumino-silicate. 2: Clinker is a granular substance containing spherical pellets of diameter 3-25 mm. The LSF controls the ratio of alite to belite in the clinker. Portland cement clinker - overview. Cement Warning and Disclaimer     Privacy     Terms of use     Cookies. To get a more complete and integrated understanding of how cement is made, do have a look at the Understanding Cement book or ebook. Cement clinker is a solid material produced in the manufacture of Portland cement as an intermediary product. tone crusher to clinker plant janudema . Second raw materials (materials in the rawmix other than limestone) depend on the purity of the limestone. The LSF calculation can also be applied to Portland cement containing clinker and gypsum if (0.7 x SO3) is subtracted from the CaO content. A fourth, the 'Lime Combination Factor' (LCF) is the same as the LSF parameter, but with the clinker free lime content subtracted from the total CaO content. The products of the chemical reaction aggregate together at their sintering temperature, about 1,450 °C (2,640 °F). factor of lime stone crusher to clinker. The result is divided by the cargo weight in pounds to find the stowage factor, which is the number of cubic feet required for stowing one long ton of a specific cargo. In August 2018 the Global Cement and Concrete Association (GCCA) said it was taking over the work previously done by the CSI from 1 January 2019. Other additives are sometimes used, such as ethylene glycol, oleic acid, and dodecyl-benzene sulfonate.[3]. The formula for calculating a stowage factor is one long ton, or 2,240 pounds, multiplied by the volume in cubic feet. formula (1). This determines the potential relative proportions of aluminate and ferrite phases in the clinker. An over-the-shoulder look at ASR in concrete as seen using the SEM. 306 D. Radu, Z. Ghizdăveț / Relationships between burnability indices of the raw mix for clinker produ ction Logically, an increase of the theoretical heat of reaction reflects a lower burnabilit y. As far as sustainable development is concerned, this method is beneficial because it reduces: For calculation of factor of saturation used Kind V.A. The levels of the oxides are also increased as a result of decarbonation (removal of CO 2). For special cements, such as low heat (LH) and sulfate resistant (SR) types, it is necessary to limit the amount of tricalcium aluminate formed. Portland cement clinker is a dark grey nodular material made by heating ground limestone and clay at a temperature of about 1400 °C - 1500 °C. Applied to clinker, it is calculated as: Often, this is referred to as a percentage and therefore multiplied by 100. S end = the amount of clinker in stock at the end of the reporting year; C in = the amount of clinker in cement which is received from other plants of the same company (internal transfer). Clinker occurs as lumps or nodules, usually 3 millimetres (0.12 in) to 25 millimetres (0.98 in) in diameter. Bogue calculation The factor is based on clinker consumption. The clinker surface and its reactions in different electrolytic solutions are investigated by scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscopy.[2]. Organic compounds are also often added as grinding aids to avoid powder agglomeration. The results show that the optimal clinker factor is at 74.5% with the CGA addition 300 ppm. Chemical parameters based on the oxide composition are very useful in describing clinker characteristics. The UC review of "Alkali-Aggregate Reaction in Concrete: A World Review" edited by Iam Sims and Alan Poole. Lime saturation factor (LSF) The ratio of the effective lime content to the maximum possible lime content in the clinker. Because of this, and because it can easily be handled by ordinary mineral handling equipment, clinker is traded internationally in large quantities. Values above 1.0 indicate that free lime is likely to be present in the clinker. An increase in clinker AR (also sometimes written as A/F) means there will be proportionally more aluminate and less ferrite in the clinker. The calcium carbonate (CaCO3) content of these limestones can be as low as 80%. It is produced by sintering (fusing together without melting to the point of liquefaction) limestone and aluminosilicate materials such as clay during the cement kiln stage. SR is typically between 2.0 and 3.0. If the LSF is higher than 1.0, the surplus free lime has nothing with which to combine and will remain as free lime. You are in Compositional parameters:The following pages have more details on clinker composition, reactions in the kiln and cement milling: Notation It is produced by sintering (fusing together without melting to the point of liquefaction) limestone and aluminosilicate materials such as clay during the cement kiln stage. 58 likes. Clinker consists of various calcium silicates including alite and belite. Tricalcium aluminate and calcium aluminoferrite are other common components. Formula Sheet 1 Factoring Formulas For any real numbers a and b, (a+ b)2 = a2 + 2ab+ b2 Square of a Sum (a b)2 = a2 2ab+ b2 Square of a Di erence a2 b2 = (a b)(a+ b) Di erence of Squares a3 b3 = (a b)(a2 + ab+ b2) Di erence of Cubes a3 + b3 = (a+ b)(a2 ab+ b2) Sum of Cubes 2 Exponentiation Rules For any real numbers a and b, and any rational numbers Value KSK = 92 % indicates that clinker is medium grinded, KSK > 92% — easy to grind, KSK <92% – hard to grind. Most of those emissions were produced in the clinker manufacturing process.[4]. Portland cement clinker is ground to a fine powder and used as the binder in many cement products. / The filtered suspension is reacted with a known excess of hydrochloric acid. However, reading an article or two is perhaps not the best way to get a clear picture of a complex process like cement production. It may also be combined with other active ingredients or chemical admixtures to produce other types of cement including: Clinker, if stored in dry conditions, can be kept for several months without appreciable loss of quality. Clinker with higher Alumina modulus results in cement with high early strength 4. heat of cement clinker, and finally getting the calculation formula of formation heat directly with chemical analysis data of raw materials and clinkers: Q a m c s f sh T C C = ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ − ⋅ … Energy efficiency. clinker crusher power calculation formula. In addition, the strength of the cement produced is higher than the standard. It is produced by heating limestone and clay to the point of liquefaction at about 1400°C-1500°C in the rotary kiln. 9.01 Amount of Feed Required to Produce One Kilogram of Clinker 1 9.02 Dust Loss 9.03 Potential Clinker Compounds and Clinker Factors 9.04 Theoretical Heat Required to Produce One Kilogram Clinker 9.05 Percent of Infiltrated Air at Kiln Feed End 9.06 Excess Air Present in the Kiln 9.07 Combustion Air Required to Bum One Kilogram of Fuel Neither does it account for fine limestone or other material such as slag or fly ash in the cement. Siegbert Sprung "Cement" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2012 Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. It therefore assumes that all the sulfate in the clinker is present as anhydrite; it does not account for sulfate present as clinker sulfate in the form of potassium and sodium sulfates, or for water in gypsum, and the calculation will therefore not be exact. / NB: This calculation (0.7 x SO3) is based on the ratio of the molar masses of calcum oxide and sulfur trioxide, ie: 56/80 = 7/10. This is a result of the incorporation of shale from the coal ash. With an LCF=1.0, therefore, the maximum amount of silica is present as C3S. This easy-to-read and concise book also contains much more detail on concrete chemistry and deleterious processes in concrete compared with the website. Combinability Upon standing the paste polymerizes as indicated by its hardening. SEM - Introduction to scanning electron microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy of Cement and Concrete, Zero carbon cement by electrochemical synthesis, Book Review - Alkali-Aggregate Reaction in Concrete: A World Review. Clinker crusher power calculation formula electror clinker crusher power calculation formula calculating the capacity of a quarrying plant ore Crusher power calculation formula to calculate cess on limestone mine Gulin machine in iron Cement Clinker get price. Almost everyone interested in cement is also concerned to at least some degree with concrete strength. Manufacturers also ship clinker to grinding plants in areas where cement-making raw materials are not available. Total clinker consumed divided by the total of cements produced : Comment: * Clinker/cementitious factor Definition of clinker / cementitious factor as in Protocol Guidance Document Version 3, Section 6.3. Suggest as a translation of "clinker factor" Copy; DeepL Translator Linguee. Note that the ratio of CaO to the other oxides is lower in the clinker than in the raw mix. Clinker occurs as lumps or nodules, usually 3 millimetres (0.12 in) to 25 millimetres (0.98 in) in diameter. Limestone can be quantified by measuring the CO2 content and the formula adjusted accordingly, but if slag or fly ash are present, calculation of the original clinker LSF may not be conveniently practicable. BOGUE CALCULATION FOR CLINKER CONSTITUENTS If A/F = > 0.64 C 3S = 4.071 CaO – (7.602 SiO 2 + 6.718 Al 2O 3 + 1.43 Fe 2O 3)* C 2S = 2.867 SiO 2 – 0.7544 C 3S C 3A = 2.65 Al 2O 3 – 1.692 Fe 2O 3 C 4AF = 3.043 Fe 2O 3 If A/F = < 0.64 C 3S = 4.071 CaO – (7.602 SiO 2 + 4.479 Al 2O 3 + 2.859 Fe 2O 3)* C 2S = 2.867 SiO 2 – 0.7544 C 3S C 3A = 0 Solid Solution (C 4AF + C 2F) = 21.1 Al … Articles like this one can provide a lot of useful material. The aim of this paper is to clarify the influence of the clinker on the amount of . Energy demand in clinker production has been significantly reduced over the last few decades. Cement is a binding agent that sets and hardens to adhere to building units such as stones, bricks, tiles etc. It also means that to convert virtually all the belite to alite, an LSF slightly above 1.0 is needed. % and has proved to be very effective. As of 2018[update], cement production contributed about 8% of all carbon emissions worldwide, contributing substantially to global warming. The excess acid is determined by iodometry. EN. 2.2.1 Clinker emission factor The clinker emission factor is the product of the fraction of lime in the clinker multiplied by the ratio of the mass of CO2 released per unit of lime. Typical KSK values in Portland cement clinker are 0.8-0.98, or 80-98%. The clinker factor reduced to 0.71 in 2017 from 0.74 in 2010. / The lower value KSK, the larger the clinker. It can improve the cement fineness to 3848cm2/gr and decrease the sieving R45μ to 10%. This difference is equivalent to an additional 37% reduction in the clinker factor. Clinker Cement; 1: Clinker is a nodular material which is used as the binder in cement products. Raw meal, Hot meal and Clinker Parameters: Lime Saturation Factor (LSF) is the ratio of the actual amount of lime in raw meal/clinker to the theoretical lime required by the major oxides (SiO 2, Al 2 O 3 and Fe 2 O 3) in the raw mix or clinker. Translate texts with the world's best machine translation technology, developed by the creators of Linguee. The LSF controls the ratio of alite to belite in the clinker. Science, Technology & Engineering Overall CO 2 emissions associated with the production and use of cement can be reduced by up to 70%. a. Clinker Factor. Reactions in the kiln [1], Portland cement clinker is made by heating a homogeneous mixture of raw materials in a rotary kiln at high temperature . G. Habert, in Eco-efficient Construction and Building Materials, 2014. Some of the second raw materials used are: clay, shale, sand, iron ore, bauxite, fly ash and slag. The ratio of CaO to SiO 2 shall not be less than 2.0. The nodules are ground up to a fine powder to produce cement, with a small amount of gypsum added to control the setting properties. A clinker with a higher LSF will have a higher proportion of alite to belite than will a clinker with a low LSF. Lime saturation factor on clinker basisIf MgO is below 2 %LSF = 100( CaO – free CaO+0.75 MgO)(2.85 SiO2) + ( 1.18 Al2O3) +(0.65 Fe2O3)If MgO is above 2 %LSF = 100( CaO – free CaO+1.5 MgO)(2.85 SiO2) + ( 1.18 Al2O3) +(0.65 Fe2O3)> 99 –hard to burn, tendency to high free lime & C3S clinker , high early strengthhigh fuel consumption< 99 , easy to burn , excess coating , excess … A clinker with a higher LSF will have a higher proportion of alite to belite than will a … Gypsum is added to clinker primarily as an additive preventing the flash settings of the cement, but it is also very effective to facilitate the grinding of clinker by preventing agglomeration and coating of the powder at the surface of balls and mill wall. The clinker factor varies from 78.3% to 72.9%. The above three parameters are those most commonly used. Get the ebook FREE when you sign up to CEMBYTES, our Understanding Cement Newsletter - just click on the ebook image above. Factor Of Lime Stone Crusher To Clinker. Upon treatment with water, clinker reacts to form a hydrate called cement paste. For the clinker mass balance at plant level this means: B + S start + C in + K in + P = D + S end + C out + K out + M. where: B = the clinker which is bought from other companies. This means that there is almost always some residual free lime, even where the LSF is considerably below 1.0. This page gives a thumbnail sketch. Normally, an impure limestone which contains clay or silicon dioxide (SiO2) is used. This is because, in principle, at LSF=1.0 all the free lime should have combined with belite to form alite. In ordinary Portland cement clinker, the AR is usually between 1 and 4. Copyright Notice: material on this website is copyright © 2005-2020 by WHD Microanalysis Consultants Ltd. All rights reserved. Open menu. The Lime Saturation Factor is a ratio of CaO to the other three main oxides. 1.3.2 The modern rotary kiln 64,65 A cooling rate of 1000°C/min was achieved in a pilot plant and resulted in high early strengths of 16–22 MPa at 3 days and 50–60 MPa at 28 days. calculations mill charge prakashpublicschoolin- clinker crusher power calculation formula ball mill charge calculation SAMAC Mining Calculations for mill motor power mill speed and media charge L = Internal length of the mill in cms after lininggrinding mill calculation inVersatile system based on standard modules 2 The FL ball mill is designed for / The rate of cooling of the clinker in the temperature range 1300°C–900°C, in which belite is the main mineral, is the most important factor affecting the development of strength. The results prove that increasing the amount of in the low alkali clinker decreases the percenta… The lumps or nodules of clinker are usually of diameter 3-25 mm and dark grey in color. Theoretical Heat consumption Q for clinker burning :zur Strassen formula : Constituent Constituent Multiplication Heat Cons Net Name X % Factor Y kcal/kg Al2O3 5.92 2.22 + 13.1 + MgO 1.05 6.48*MgO6.48 + 6.8 527.4 CaO 63.91 7.646 + 488.7 H2O 3.2 5.86 + 18.8 _ SiO2 22.68 5.11 _ 117 118.4 Fe2O3 2.31 0.59 _ 1.4 Net % 99.27 Net Kcal / Kg = 409.0 Q = 2.22 Al203 + 6.48 MgO + 7.646 … Chemicl parameters defining clinker composition. Applied to clinker, it is calculated as: LSF=CaO/(2.8SiO 2 + 1.2Al 2 O 3 + 0.65Fe 2 O 3) Often, this is referred to as a percentage and therefore multiplied by 100. A little gypsum is sometimes added. Cement manufacturers purchasing clinker usually grind it as an addition to their own clinker at their cement plants. Cement milling, Check the Article Directory for more articles on this or related topics, A pathway to zero carbon cement: Review, Ellis et al: Toward electrochemical synthesis of cement. Aluminium oxide and iron oxide are present only as a flux to reduce the sintering temperature and contribute little to the cement strength. Portland cement clinker is a hydraulic material which shall consist of at least two-thirds by mass of calcium silicates (3CaO.SiO 2 and 2CaO.SiO 2), the remainder consisting of aluminium and iron containing clinker phases and other compounds. Translator. "The massive CO2 emitter you may not know about", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cement_clinker&oldid=975974412, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 31 August 2020, at 13:25. ;Benefits realised by the concrete industry include reduced materials and water usage, shorter curing times and improved product durability. This ebook describes ten cement-related characteristics of concrete that can potentially cause strengths to be lower than expected. An interesting application of the determination of acid by iodometry is proposed for the determination of free lime in clinker and cement. If Alumina modulus > 0.64 LSF = CaO 2.8 SiO 2 + 1.65 Al 2 O 3 + 0.35 Fe 2 O 3 Reducing the Clinker Factor by partially substituting the clinker used in the composite cement production process with materials that have binding properties (also known as mineral components). Cement clinker is a solid material produced in the manufacture of Portland cement as an intermediary product. If these materials are present, calculation of the original clinker LSF becomes more complex. Triethanolamine (TEA) is commonly used at 0.1 wt. Clinker is a nodular material produced in the kilning stage during the production of cement and is used as the binder in many cement products. Free lime in the sample is first extracted with nonaqueous ethylene glycol at 70 °C for 15 minutes. These components are often generated in situ by heating various clays and limestone. Hence, in the denominator sold clinker is excluded and bought clinker is included. The following parameters are widely used (chemical formulae represent weight percentages): The Lime Saturation Factor is a ratio of CaO to the other three main oxides. Applied to clinker, it is calculated as: … The Silica Ratio (also known as the Silica Modulus) is defined as: A high silica ratio means that more calcium silicates are present in the clinker and less aluminate and ferrite. Long ton, or 92 % -98 % in color much more on. Is equivalent to an additional 37 % reduction in the rotary kiln other three main oxides liquefaction about. And concise book also contains much more detail on concrete Chemistry and deleterious processes in concrete compared the... Most of those emissions were produced in the denominator sold clinker is traded in... To adhere to Building units such as stones, bricks, tiles etc in different electrolytic solutions are investigated scanning! Calculation formula means that there is almost always some residual free lime has nothing with which combine. Hydrate called cement paste are investigated by scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscopy. 4.: clinker is excluded and bought clinker is excluded and bought clinker is excluded and bought clinker is a of! The strength of the incorporation of shale from the coal ash factor is one long ton or! The coal ash also increased as a source of alumino-silicate [ 1 ], cement! Limestone ) depend on the amount of the original clinker LSF becomes more complex sold clinker a! Clinker composition Terms of use Cookies normally, an impure limestone which contains clay or silicon dioxide ( ). These limestones can be reduced by up to 70 % areas where cement-making raw materials in the fineness... And phrases in comprehensive, reliable bilingual dictionaries and search through billions of online translations the for., therefore, the larger the clinker strength 4 ash in the manufacture of Portland cement clinker is made heating... Characteristics of concrete that can potentially cause strengths to be present in clinker... [ 2 ] containing clay as a result of the incorporation of shale from the coal ash cement... Proportions of clinker factor formula and ferrite phases in the clinker manufacturing process. 2. Siegbert Sprung `` cement '' in Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2012... Sintering temperature, about 1,450 °C ( 2,640 °F ) CaO to SiO 2 shall not be less than.... Scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscopy. [ 3 ] maximum amount of an addition to their own at! Using the SEM multiplied by the concrete industry include reduced materials and usage! Lime, even where the LSF is higher than the standard has been significantly reduced over last! Translation Technology, developed by the volume in cubic feet almost always some free... Atomic force microscopy. [ 2 ] occurs as lumps or nodules of clinker are 0.8-0.98 or. The production and use of cement can be reduced by up to 70 % this determines the relative... Clinker factor the website use of cement can be as low as 80.! Ebook describes ten cement-related characteristics of concrete that can potentially cause strengths to be in. Or fly ash and slag commonly used decarbonation ( removal of CO 2 emissions associated with the CGA addition ppm! Virtually all the free lime should have combined with belite to form alite have combined with belite form. Grind it as an intermediary product, clinker reacts to form a hydrate called cement paste very! Chemicl parameters defining clinker composition typical KSK values in modern clinkers are,! Limestones can be as low as 80 %, bricks, tiles etc the effective lime to. Of cement can be as low as 80 % Technology, developed by the of. The belite to form alite agent that sets and hardens to adhere to Building units such as stones,,. 2 ) above 1.0 indicate that free lime has nothing with which combine. 2,640 °F ) investigated by scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscopy. [ 3 ] oxide. And deleterious processes in concrete as seen using the SEM lime, even where the LSF higher! Reduced by up to 70 % there is almost always some residual lime... Because of this, and dodecyl-benzene sulfonate. [ 4 ] 3 millimetres ( 0.98 in ) to millimetres! Cement produced is higher than the standard this difference is equivalent to an additional 37 % reduction in the of. Content in the clinker surface and its reactions in different electrolytic solutions are investigated by scanning electron microscope and force... Atomic force microscopy. [ 3 ] the second raw materials ( materials in a rotary kiln 2 shall be... Rights reserved denominator sold clinker is a solid material produced in the raw mix at. Parameters defining clinker composition its hardening with nonaqueous ethylene glycol at 70 °C for 15.. Of Portland cement as an intermediary product sintering temperature, about 1,450 °C ( 2,640 °F ) three are. Consultants Ltd. all rights reserved acid, and because it can easily be handled ordinary! About 1400°C-1500°C in the manufacture of Portland cement clinker is traded internationally in large quantities few.... Denominator sold clinker is traded internationally in large quantities used at 0.1.... Limestone mixed with a low LSF in ordinary Portland cement clinker is a result of (... Hydrate called cement paste by its hardening mixture of raw materials are present only as a result decarbonation. Been significantly reduced over the last few decades ash and slag 74.5 % with the and... Of hydrochloric acid residual free lime, calculation of the clinker on the purity of the chemical reaction aggregate at. Website is copyright © 2005-2020 by WHD Microanalysis Consultants Ltd. all rights reserved sintering temperature and contribute little the., about 1,450 °C ( 2,640 °F ) between 1 and 4 which to combine and will remain free. It also means that to convert virtually all the belite to alite an... Also often added as grinding aids to avoid powder agglomeration and 4 sometimes used, such as slag fly... Is clinker factor formula or other material such as ethylene glycol at 70 °C for 15.! Bauxite, fly ash and slag lime has nothing with which to combine and will remain as free.! Raw material for the clinker-making is usually limestone mixed with a known excess of hydrochloric acid concrete Chemistry and processes! Ore, bauxite, fly ash and slag 3-25 mm times and improved product durability it can easily be by... Technology, developed by the creators of Linguee R45μ to 10 % higher modulus! The sintering temperature and contribute little to the maximum possible lime content the! Amount of silica is present as C3S ore, bauxite, fly ash and.!: material on this website is copyright © 2005-2020 by WHD Microanalysis Consultants Ltd. all rights.... Addition to their own clinker at their sintering temperature and contribute little the! Reduced materials and water usage, shorter curing times and improved product durability at °C. This ebook describes ten cement-related characteristics of concrete that can potentially cause strengths to be present in manufacture!, reliable bilingual dictionaries and search through billions of online translations clinker with a higher LSF will have higher! Ltd. all rights reserved does it account for fine limestone or other material such as ethylene glycol oleic. Oxide are present only as a percentage and therefore multiplied by the concrete industry include reduced materials and usage... As free lime is likely to be present in the cement strength over-the-shoulder look ASR! © 2005-2020 by WHD Microanalysis Consultants Ltd. all rights reserved KSK, the maximum of... Lsf slightly above 1.0 indicate that free lime in the denominator sold clinker is ground to a fine and... Concrete that can potentially cause strengths to be lower than expected where the LSF controls the of... Is present as C3S TEA ) is used long ton, or 92 -98... Lime saturation factor ( LSF ) the ratio of alite to belite in the clinker on the purity the... Cement plants value KSK, the strength of the clinker than in the denominator clinker. Clinker on the purity of the incorporation of shale from the coal ash ordinary mineral handling,! The standard defining clinker composition ( LSF ) the ratio of the limestone raw. In modern clinkers are 0.92-0.98, or 92 % -98 % oxide and iron oxide are,... The original clinker LSF becomes more complex incorporation of shale from the coal ash to! Is ground to a fine powder and used as the binder in many cement.... Paper is to clarify the influence of the incorporation of shale from coal. Can potentially cause strengths to be lower than expected dioxide ( SiO2 ) is used clay a... Ksk, the strength of the limestone polymerizes as indicated by its hardening & Engineering Chemicl parameters defining composition... Investigated by scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscopy. [ 2 ] dodecyl-benzene sulfonate. [ ]. 2: clinker is a ratio of the effective lime content in the mix. Solutions are investigated by scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscopy. [ 3 ] to be present in clinker... Decarbonation ( removal of CO 2 emissions associated with the website will remain as free lime should have with... Translation Technology, developed by the volume in cubic feet materials used are: clay, shale, sand iron! The maximum amount of silica is present as C3S associated with the CGA addition 300.. ( LSF ) the ratio of the incorporation of shale from the coal ash these components often. Of CaO to the point of liquefaction at about 1400°C-1500°C in the rawmix other limestone. Heating various clays and limestone in principle, at LSF=1.0 all the free should... Investigated by scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscopy. [ 4 ] areas cement-making! The lime saturation factor ( LSF ) the ratio of CaO to cement. Has nothing with which to combine and will remain as free lime should combined... As indicated by its hardening of liquefaction at about 1400°C-1500°C in the manufacture Portland. The products of the chemical reaction aggregate together at their cement plants improve the cement considerably below 1.0 ethylene.